You should also verify that you have a proper DNS reverse-lookup defined for the public address of your mail server. Some mail servers are configured to reject mail if the delivering server does not have a reverse lookup record.
Here are some places where you can check if you're blacklisted:
http://dmoz.org/Computers/Internet/Abuse/Spam/Blacklists/
but if you were blacklisted you would probably be getting more of these types of failures.
Other potential things: are there any attachments in the email? Also, try changing the subject line and content and see if the bounce still happens.
HTH,
Dan